Soal Asli UTBK SNBT 2011 Literasi Bahasa Inggris (LBE)

4 soal Literasi Bahasa Inggris UTBK SNBT 2011

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1. Bacaan untuk soal nomor 1 dan seterusnya

   Passage 2A Carbon emissions from a meat-hungry developing world could be cut back substantially by improving animal breeds and feed, according to a study. It is estimated that livestock farming contributes 18-51 percent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. Demand for livestock products is predicted to double by 2050 as a result of growing populations, urbanization, and better income in the developing world, which will cause emissions to rise. The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, suggests that 12 per cent of total livestock-related emissions in 2030 could easily be shortened with simple improvements in production. These include: switching to more nutritious pasture grasses; supplementing livestock diets based on grass with small amounts of crop residues or grains; restoring degraded grazing lands; growing trees that trap carbon while producing leaves that livestock could eat; and adopting more productive breeds. "Organizations from the West, especially the World Watch Institute, have continued to blame livestock-keeping for being one of the major polluters of the world, yet livestock keeping's positive by far outweigh the negatives", said Mario Herrera, coauthor of the paper and a senior scientist at International Livestock Research Institute. Passage 2B Livestock farmers in developing countries have a relatively small environmental footprint and their animals provide them with food, income and transport for their crops, said John Byron. "What these farmers need are technological options and economic incentives that help them intensify their production in sustainable ways", he added. Steinfeld, coordinator of the Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative at the Food and Agriculture Organization, said: "If one were able to connect this to smallholder development by making poor farmers benefit through the possibility of carbon offsets and carbon markets that would indeed create a win-winsituation where one would have socioeconomic benefits, targeting poor people, while reducing the carbon 'hoofprint' i.e. the carbon footprint of livestock". Improving livestock production should be done to improve livelihoods and not just for climate reasons, said Kirtana Chandrasekaran, food campaigner for Friends of the Earth. She added that intensive agriculture also contributes to biodiversity loss so "it's very dangerous" just to look at lowering emissions "when there's a whole host of other factors affecting improvement in livestock farming".