Soal Asli UTBK SNBT 2016 Literasi Bahasa Inggris (LBE)

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 2 dan seterusnya

acquisition of competencies, and focuses on the development of skills relevant to a trade or field of skilled specialization. In fact, Australia's VET sector is internationally recognized as providing world's best practice in vocational training, and qualifications from Australian VET institutions are recognized worldwide. The VET sector is comprised of public and private training institutions, referred to collectively as Registered Training Organizations (RTOs). Government-funded or public training institutions are known as colleges or institutes of Technical and Further Education, or TAFE for short. All TAFE institutes offer a range of training courses from Certificate level through to Advanced Diploma, and an increasing number now also offer, undergraduate degree (Bachelor) courses. Australia's higher education sector is world class and all Australia's universities have highly active and comprehensive international programs. Universities in Australia have been welcoming intemafional students for more than a century, and today most campuses boast an ethnic mix in the student body of 50 or more nationalities. Cultural sensitivity, tolerance of religious observance and freedom of expression are proudly promoted and encouraged by all Australian universities. Although every Australian university is autonomous and sets its own standards and course offerings, each belongs to a unified national system which ensures that andergraduate level, all Australian university degrees are nominally of equal quality. Australian universities are not officially ranked, as in some countries, but instead are characterized by the types of courses they offer. While some are more traditional and place great emphasis on research, others are more actively engaged in practical teaching, producing workforceready, skilled graduates. Some universities also specialize in course and research programs according to their location. (Diadaptasi dari http://www.myqual.com.aw/index.php?id=4048)

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 3 dan seterusnya

Stretching more than 2300 kilometres along Queensland's coastline and covering 35 million hectares, the Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef, and probably the richest. More than 1500 species of fish, 4000 species of molluscs, 400 species of sponge and 300 species of hard corals live here. The reef is Queensland's first world heritage area. It is very important to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with significant cultural sites on many of its islands. The reef is very important in other ways. The World Heritage Area is worth some $ \$ 5.4 $ billion to the Australian economy. As many as $ \ $ 3.5 $ billion of that amount goes into the local towns and communities bordering the reef. Recent research published by the Australian Institute of Marine Science has found two primary factors that have caused a very significant decline in coral cover over the last 30 years or so. They are extreme weather and the crown-of-thorns starfish. The same research is telling us that coral cover north of Cook town is generally stable, but the southern area is experiencing major losses. The reef's complexities are well described in the 2013 Scientific Consensus Statement. This science contributed to the updated Reef Water Quality Protection Plan (Reef Plan). The plan is a state and federal initiative designed to stop and reverse the decline in reef water quality. The consensus statement confirms that the major cause of coral cover loss is extreme weather events, such as cyclones. Clearly, we are not able to influence such events. The second Great Barrier Reef Report Card confirms that management change and water quality improvements are tracking positively, but more needs to be done. The report was released in July 2013 and based on 2011 Paddock to Reef Monitoring Program data. The Queensland and Australian governments, together with industry, regional bodies, and conservation groups, will contimue working hard to maintain progress towards Reef Plan targets. We want to be sure that the reef has the best possible opportunity to recover from cyclone damage and crown-of-thorns starfish attacks. (Diadaptasi dari https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/agriculture/sustainable-farming/reef-protection/)

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 4 dan seterusnya

Smartphones, tablets and e-readers should have an automatic "bedtime mode" that stops them disrupting people's sleep, says a leading doctor. Professor Paul Gringras argued the setting should filter out the blue light that delays the body clock and keeps people awake later into the evening. The doctor, from Evelina Children's Hospital in London, said every'new model was "bluer and brighter". He said manufacturers needed to show more "responsibility". As it gets darker in the evening, the body starts to produce the sleep hormone melatonin - which helps people nod off. Certain wavelengths of light, those at the blue-green end of the spectrum, can disrupt the system. Professor Gringras was part of a study, published in Frontiers in Public Health, analysing the light emitted by devices. It concluded there was a clear trend for new devices to be bigger, brighter, have higher levels of contrast and emit more blue light. The professor of children's sleep medicine told the BBC News website: "That is great for use in the day, but awful for use at night. "There is converging data to say if you are in front of one of these devices at night-time it could prevent you falling asleep by an extra hour." He said some sleep-aware apps had already been designed to reduce blue-green light emissions. And that a bedtime mode could automatically filter out the blue as software such as flux already does. He said there needed to be "more responsibility from manufacturers" and the "key is to automate it". Prozessor Gringras added: "It is not good enough to say do less and accept this is the world we live in, they are fun devices but we do need some protection on what they do at night-time." (Diadaptasi dari http://www.bbc.com/news/health-34744859)

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 5 dan seterusnya

There have been numerous attempts to classify consumer responses to different individual colours: ... but the truth of the matter is that colour is too dependent on personal experiences to be universally translated to specific feelings. But there are broader messaging patterns to be found in colour perceptions. For instance, colours play a fairly substantial role in purchases and branding. With regards to the role that colour plays in branding, results from studies such as The Interactive Effects of Colors show that the relationship between brands and colour center around on the perceived appropriateness of the colour being used for the particular brand. In other words, does the colour "fit" what is being sold? The study Exciting Red and Competent Blue also confirms that purchasing intent is greatly affected by colours due to the impact they have on how a brand is perceived. This means that colours influence how consumers view the "personality" of the brand in question. Additional studies have revealed our brains prefer immediately recognizable brands, which makes color important element when creating a brand identity. It has been suggested in Colour Research and Application that it is of paramount importance for new brands to specifically target logo colors that ensure differentiation from entrenched. When it comes to picking the "right" colour, research has found that predicting consumer reaction to colour appropriateness in relation to the product is far more important than the individual colour itself. So, if Harley owners buy the product in order to feel macho, you could assume that the pink and glitter edition would not sell all that well.

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 7 dan seterusnya

Most of us have heard the good advice that we need to eat less sugar - and rightly so. However, despite the numerous warnings by health authorities of the ill effects of sugar, the majority of the population is still consuming sugar on a daily basis in some form or other. We do not have to consume white, refined sugar to be consuming sugar. Sugar includes glucose, fructose (as in fruit sugar), lactose (as in milk), sucrose (as in table sugar), maltose or malts (as in rice malt and honey), jam (contains concentrated juice, which is high in fruit sugar), maple syrup, corn syrup, palm sugar (traditionaily used in macrobiotic cooking), and the very deceiving organic brown sugar, which is not all that different from white sugar. Even alcohol is a sugar. All of these sugars are problematic in many different ways. The body changes sugar into 2 to 5 times more fat in the bloodstream than it does starch. With 146 proven reasons why sugar is bad for us, is there perhaps one single reason as to why we might need it? The only interesting thing about sugar is that it tastes good and makes us temporarily feel good. This is an area worth exploring. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine, a 5000 year old wisdom of self-contained knowledge of healing, we ail need sweetness in cur life. We need six tastes: sweet, sour, salty, astringent, bitter and pungent to stimulate the taste buds on our tongue at main meals, in order to experience satiety. Many people really try hard to avoid sugar, and do not sweeten their tea or coffee, yet they crave sugar in some other form, such as chocolates, cakes, ice cream or even fruit - dates and figs. Dates are $ 99 % $ sugar, in the form of fructose. When a person is in metabolic balance, they do not crave sugar. If they do, it is a sign of a metabolic imbalance and it can be corrected without having to consume sugar. (Diadaptasi dari http://www.naturainews.com/022692.htm1)

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 8 dan seterusnya

Right now, the amount of carbon dioxide in our environment is hovering at 400 parts per million a number that is already large enough to start affecting our environment. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, meaning that it traps heat within the Earth's atmosphere. That is why governments around the world are trying to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere annually, in the hopes that the planet will not get so warm that parts of the planet become uninhabitable. But what if those reductions do not happen, and instead, everything goes horribly wrong? Looking at a computer model of a world completely covered in water (a simple analog of the Earth, which is 71 percent covered by water) Popp and colleagues looked at what would happen if the carbon dioxide levels rose to staggering levels. They found that when the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reached 1,520 parts per million, tempcratures at the surface of the world would reach nearly 135 degrees fahrenheit, evaporating vast amounts of water into the atmosphere, and sending them high up into the atmosphere, near space. In this scenario, called the "moist greenhouse" in the paper, Popp estimates that water could easily escape from the water world's atmosphere into space. Worse, they found that once moist greenhouse conditions were reached, they could not be reversed, even by removing the excess carbon dioxide. A similar situation could happen in a few billion years as the sun brightens in the natural course of its evolution, sending out so rnuch more heat and light that the temperature of the Earth's surface rises, creating a similar moist greenhouse effect. But there is no need to worry right now about whether the world will end in fire or gas. Given the lengthy time scale to reach either situation (millions if not billions of years), these are more geological doomsday scenarios than human ones. Is not that comforting?

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 9 dan seterusnya

Stretching more than 2300 kilometres along Queensland's coastline and covering 35 million hectares, the Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef, and probably the richest. More than 1500 species of fish, 4000 species of molluscs, 400 species of sponge and 300 species of hard corals live here. The reef is Queensland's first world heritage area. It is very important to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with significant cultural sites on many of its islands. The reef is very important in other ways. The World Heritage Area is worth some $ \$ 5.4 $ billion to the Australian economy. As many as $ \ $ 3.5 $ billion of that amount goes into the local towns and communities bordering the reef. Recent research published by the Australian Institute of Marine Science has found two primary factors that have caused a very significant decline in coral cover over the last 30 years or so. They are extreme weather and the crown-of-thorns starfish. The same research is telling us that coral cover north of Cook town is generally stable, but the southern area is experiencing major losses. The reef's complexities are well described in the 2013 Scientific Consensus Statement. This science contributed to the updated Reef Water Quality Protection Plan (Reef Plan). The plan is a state and federal initiative designed to stop and reverse the decline in reef water quality. The consensus statement confirms that the major cause of coral cover loss is extreme weather events, such as cyclones. Clearly, we are not able to influence such events. The second Great Barrier Reef Report Card confirms that management change and water quality improvements are tracking positively, but more needs to be done. The report was released in July 2013 and based on 2011 Paddock to Reef Monitoring Program data. The Queensland and Australian governments, together with industry, regional bodies, and conservation groups, will contimue working hard to maintain progress towards Reef Plan targets. We want to be sure that the reef has the best possible opportunity to recover from cyclone damage and crown-of-thorns starfish attacks.

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 12 dan seterusnya

Passage 7 Over the last two decades, the use of ICT has been an important topic in education. On the one hand, studies have shown that ICT can enhance teaching and learning outcomes. For example, in science and mathematics education, scholars have documented that the use of ICT can improve students' conceptual understanding, problem solving, and team working skills. Consequently, most curriculum documents state the importance of ICT and encourage school teachers to use them. However, teachers need to be specifically trained in order to integrate ICT in their teaching. Schools are known to be resistant to innovation and change. However, the spread of ICT is beginning to affect how teachers teach. One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it is integrated into the curriculum. The curriculum documents provide arguments for introducing ICT in the school setting. Therefore, school expect that graduates from teacher education programs have a reasonable knowledge of how to use ICT. However, this may not be the case because most current teachers' pre-service preparation and subsequent in-service courses were designed by using traditional educational technology and settings. Thus, the participants in these courses are not familiar with the processes, interaction patterns, features and possibilities of teaching learning processes based on ICT. This issue becomes complicated because the students' thinking skills are often weak. Also, they typically lack information literacy skills although they were born in or after 1982. In addition, they belong to the "Net Generation". Furthermore, they are accustomed to operating in a digital environment for communication, information gathering, and analysis. The problem is that students do not have to understand how their use of technology affects their habits of learning. Effective development of pre-service teachers' ICT proficiency does not seem to be a direct process, but is the one asking for a careful, complex approach. With the statement 'One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it is integrated into the curriculum.'

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 15 dan seterusnya

We cannot live without water. It is critical for proper body and brain function. It enables our blood to flow properly and helps us stay energized. The good news: "Most people can handle mild amounts of 'dehydration," says Dana S. Simpler, MD, an internist in private practice. "The body regulates fluid balance through a number of complex pathways, including reduced urine production, increased reabsorption of water in the intestines and thirst - which prompts rehydration." Simpler is careful to point out the difference between being low on fluids and clinical dehydration. "Dehydration mainly occurs with illnesses such as fever, diarrhea and vomiting where excessive fluids are lost and not being replaced or in a sport situations/hot weather where excessive perspiration is not being replaced," she explains. So how much water do you need? And what about that old standby recommendation to drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water per day? "It is an oversimplification of what the body actually needs," says Simpler. "There is really no 'optimal' amount of hydration." The weather, your diet and exercise habits are all a factor in how much water you need. Some days you will need more fluids, other days less. Those fluids can come from virtually any drink and even some foods. Milk, smoothies, and juice drinks count. Caffeinated beverages, such as tea, coffee and energy drinks, count, too. Eating water-containing foods, including tomatoes, cucumbers, watermelon and oranges, is also a great way to up your fluid intake. All things considered, it makes sense to clue in to symptoms that can signal the need for more fluids. Here are a couple signs to pay attention to: you are thirsty (it may seem obvious, but a dry mouth and how thirsty you are do correlate to how hydrated you are), you are lightheaded or worn out (if you feel dizzy, you may be dehydrated), and your urine is extra dark (concentrated urine is a clear indicator that you are dehydrated. It means your unrine has more waste in it). (Diadaptasi dari http://www.safebee.com/health/7-signs-you-need-drink-water)

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 16 dan seterusnya

Tertiary education in Australia is different to many other countries in that it is divided into two sectors: Vocational Education and Traịing (VET) and Higher Education. All countries have a higher education sector which people usually associate with universities, but Australia is one of just a few countries that have a vocational education sector where a trainee is assessed by his or her acquisition of competencies, and focuses on the development of skills relevant to a trade or field of skilled specialization. In fact, Australia's VET sector is internationally recognized as providing world's best practice in vocational training, and qualifications from Australian VET institutions are recognized worldwide. The VET sector is comprised of public and private training institutions, referred to collectively as Registered Training Organizations (RTOs). Government-funded or public training institutions are known as colleges or institutes of Technical and Further Education, or TAFE for short. All TAFE institutes offer a range of training courses from Certificate level through to Advanced Diploma, and an increasing number now also offer, undergraduate degree (Bachelor) courses. Australia's higher education sector is world class and all Australia's universities have highly active and comprehensive international programs. Universities in Australia have been welcoming intemafional students for more than a century, and today most campuses boast an ethnic mix in the student body of 50 or more nationalities. Cultural sensitivity, tolerance of religious observance and freedom of expression are proudly promoted and encouraged by all Australian universities. Although every Australian university is autonomous and sets its own standards and course offerings, each belongs to a unified national system which ensures that andergraduate level, all Australian university degrees are nominally of equal quality. Australian universities are not officially ranked, as in some countries, but instead are characterized by the types of courses they offer. While some are more traditional and place great emphasis on research, others are more actively engaged in practical teaching, producing workforceready, skilled graduates. Some universities also specialize in course and research programs according to their location. (Diadaptasi dari http://www.myqual.com.aw/index.php?id=4048)

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 17 dan seterusnya

We cannot live without water. It is critical for proper body and brain function. It enables our blood to flow properly and helps us stay energized. The good news: "Most people can handle mild amounts of 'dehydration," says Dana S. Simpler, MD, an internist in private practice. "The body regulates fluid balance through a number of complex pathways, including reduced urine production, increased reabsorption of water in the intestines and thirst - which prompts rehydration." Simpler is careful to point out the difference between being low on fluids and clinical dehydration. "Dehydration mainly occurs with illnesses such as fever, diarrhea and vomiting where excessive fluids are lost and not being replaced or in a sport situations/hot weather where excessive perspiration is not being replaced," she explains. So how much water do you need? And what about that old standby recommendation to drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water per day? "It is an oversimplification of what the body actually needs," says Simpler. "There is really no 'optimal' amount of hydration." The weather, your diet and exercise habits are all a factor in how much water you need. Some days you will need more fluids, other days less. Those fluids can come from virtually any drink and even some foods. Milk, smoothies, and juice drinks count. Caffeinated beverages, such as tea, coffee and energy drinks, count, too. Eating water-containing foods, including tomatoes, cucumbers, watermelon and oranges, is also a great way to up your fluid intake. All things considered, it makes sense to clue in to symptoms that can signal the need for more fluids. Here are a couple signs to pay attention to: you are thirsty (it may seem obvious, but a dry mouth and how thirsty you are do correlate to how hydrated you are), you are lightheaded or worn out (if you feel dizzy, you may be dehydrated), and your urine is extra dark (concentrated urine is a clear indicator that you are dehydrated. It means your unrine has more waste in it). (Diadaptasi dari http://www.safebee.com/health/7-signs-you-need-drink-water)

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 18 dan seterusnya

Smartphones, tablets and e-readers should have an automatic "bedtime mode" that stops them disrupting people's sleep, says a leading doctor. Professor Paul Gringras argued the setting should filter out the blue light that delays the body clock and keeps people awake later into the evening. The doctor, from Evelina Children's Hospital in London, said every'new model was "bluer and brighter". He said manufacturers needed to show more "responsibility". As it gets darker in the evening, the body starts to produce the sleep hormone melatonin - which helps people nod off. Certain wavelengths of light, those at the blue-green end of the spectrum, can disrupt the system. Professor Gringras was part of a study, published in Frontiers in Public Health, analysing the light emitted by devices. It concluded there was a clear trend for new devices to be bigger, brighter, have higher levels of contrast and emit more blue light. The professor of children's sleep medicine told the BBC News website: "That is great for use in the day, but awful for use at night. "There is converging data to say if you are in front of one of these devices at night-time it could prevent you falling asleep by an extra hour." He said some sleep-aware apps had already been designed to reduce blue-green light emissions. And that a bedtime mode could automatically filter out the blue as software such as flux already does. He said there needed to be "more responsibility from manufacturers" and the "key is to automate it". Prozessor Gringras added: "It is not good enough to say do less and accept this is the world we live in, they are fun devices but we do need some protection on what they do at night-time." (Diadaptasi dari http://www.bbc.com/news/health-34744859)

Bacaan untuk soal nomor 22 dan seterusnya

Passage 7 Over the last two decades, the use of ICT has been an important topic in education. On the one hand, studies have shown that ICT can enhance teaching and learning outcomes. For example, in science and mathematics education, scholars have documented that the use of ICT can improve students' conceptual understanding, problem solving, and team working skills. Consequently, most curriculum documents state the importance of ICT and encourage school teachers to use them. However, teachers need to be specifically trained in order to integrate ICT in their teaching. Schools are known to be resistant to innovation and change. However, the spread of ICT is beginning to affect how teachers teach. One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it is integrated into the curriculum. The curriculum documents provide arguments for introducing ICT in the school setting. Therefore, school expect that graduates from teacher education programs have a reasonable knowledge of how to use ICT. However, this may not be the case because most current teachers' pre-service preparation and subsequent in-service courses were designed by using traditional educational technology and settings. Thus, the participants in these courses are not familiar with the processes, interaction patterns, features and possibilities of teaching learning processes based on ICT. This issue becomes complicated because the students' thinking skills are often weak. Also, they typically lack information literacy skills although they were born in or after 1982. In addition, they belong to the "Net Generation". Furthermore, they are accustomed to operating in a digital environment for communication, information gathering, and analysis. The problem is that students do not have to understand how their use of technology affects their habits of learning. Effective development of pre-service teachers' ICT proficiency does not seem to be a direct process, but is the one asking for a careful, complex approach.